Not sure if this will work in all situations, but I had the error and fixed it this way:
In the page that uses the Date.parseLocale funciton (or the CalendarExtender, or whatever), in the Page_PreRender call, add a startup script (Page.ClientScript.RegisterStartupScript(Type type, string key, string script, bool addScriptTags) with the following as "script" and true as addScriptTags:
Sys.CultureInfo.prototype._getAbbrMonthIndex = function(value) {
if (!this._upperAbbrMonths) {
this._upperAbbrMonths = this._toUpperArray(this.dateTimeFormat.AbbreviatedMonthNames);
}
return Array.indexOf(this._upperAbbrMonths, this._toUpper(value));
};
Again, this works in my case, your mileage may vary...