Better than use labels in order to use javascript to modify them, try to use <span> or <div> html elements, and add runat="server" to them to make them accesible from the codebehind.
If you want to keep your Labels in code, then you will need to save the modified value in a asp:hiddenField or in a input="hidden" runat="server" item, and on postback update the Label with the saved value.
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